Interesting Asiatic Bows in Russian Collections

[Dusan]

You are right Bede. Its again skitian bow.

[Uli]

oops indeed
thats even more interesting

[Dusan]

Interesting Youtube video about Buriat traditional bowmaster Basagadar Batoszargalov:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97EjQwic ... r_embedded

[Dusan]

Interesting article from russian archeologists about burial bows from Enisei river basen. i know - maybe very profesional text, but maybe some people interested./sorry but only google translator text- its too big for me ...)


Later bows Middle Yenisei
Nechiporenko VN, Pankin SV Skobelev SG

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Work performed under the grant of RFH № 01-01-00289a



Later Middle Ages (from the end of the XIII century. And before the arrival of the Russian people at the beginning of the XVII century.) Until recently, seemed completely unexplored, "dark period" in the history of the peoples inhabiting the territory of the middle basin of the Yenisei and adjacent to it. In studying the material and spiritual culture of the region's population, has long been a center for the development of bright archaeological cultures, often widely circulated in Siberia and Central Asia, there was a significant gap between the quite fully the culture of the Yenisei Kyrgyz, and dependent on them, basically, inoetnichnyh groups (" Kyshtym ?) VI - XIII centuries. and known according to written sources, culture, ancestors of the modern period Khakases ethnographic present. For VI - XIII centuries. good results of the study of history and culture of local ethnic formations due to a large number of the investigated archaeological sites (primarily funerary character) as the Yenisei Kyrgyz, andnekyrgyzskogo population, as well as the presence of some of the data written sources. For the last decades of the late medieval and early modern times (especially in the second quarter of the XVII century.) Characterized by the presence of a large number of written sources - both Russian and foreign (especially Western Europe and the Manchu-Chinese), messages travel and ethnographic evidence . However, archaeological sources, this time we know very little else. These materials in combination do not yet allow adequately cover all the features of historical and cultural development of the region in the XVII - XVIII centuries. and in some later time.
However, during the XIV - the beginning of the XVII century. Even compared with this time, looks even more unexplored stage in the history of the region. Doubtless a significant population decline during the establishment here of the Mongol domination in the XIII century. Which led to another and a corresponding decrease in the number of archaeological sites, the almost complete absence of ethnographic data and information, written sources, as well as a certain disregard for researchers, archaeologists of the late Middle Ages in the region, occurred until the last decades, have played a negative role in the study of history and culture of the population Khakass-Minusinsk Basin and adjacent areas in the XIV - the beginning of XVII century. Meanwhile, this period represents one of the most important links in the chain of cultural-historical development that led eventually to the formation of a number of peoples of Southern Siberia, in particular, Khakassia. In connection with the realization of high scientific significance of the problem to solve this problem, recently some researchers have taken some steps to organize such a study, which yielded positive results.
Carried out at the last few years archaeological research focused culture of ancestors of one of the largest indigenous peoples of Southern Siberia - Khakas, including by research teams from Novosibirsk, allowed to save up to date, some interesting material on the history of the population Khakass-Minusinsk Basin and adjacent territories in the late Middle Ages and early modern period (XIV - XVIII centuries).. Compilation of previously used methods, a comparison of material monuments of XVII - XVIII centuries. with the material culture of the Yenisei Kyrgyz, and dependent upon the ethnic groups I - beginning of II millennium, to compare the data of ethnography XVII - XIX centuries. with a particular archaeological material (as monuments XIV - XVII centuries. and monuments IX - XIII cc.) should lead us to a deeper understanding of the history of the region and help solve many questions. In particular, this way you can trace the evolution of certain categories of archaeological finds, for example, to identify ways of firearms ranged from local population.

To date, already held initial typology of bows, known in the monuments of the indigenous population of the region II millennium. er. (Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA, 2001, pp. 53-54). However, in this paper, where the bulk of the material used is of the first half of II millennium. er. do not include some of the recently discovered later bows and their components. Besides, has not yet been identified features characteristic of the end products of the Late Middle Ages - the beginning of a new time. Also required to clarify some details of the investigation and typology of this type of small arms ranged.
The purpose of this study - the study of one of the most notable phenomena of the material culture of the immediate ancestors of Khakassia (Yenisei Kyrgyz people and their former Kyshtym) at the end of the late medieval and early modern times, namely, the development of a single type of shooting their own guns ranged at the time - bows. This study, based on comparisons of the results with the data pre-Mongolian time will clarify the typology of late-bows, as well as to identify ways of construction of the bows in the preceding "dark period", which is due to the weak of exploration chronological affiliation relevant archaeological inventory is difficult to attribute any of existing materials.

The main base for the writing of the steel materials of archeological field isssledovany Late last year, and still later monuments, primarily conducted archaeological detachment of the Novosibirsk State University (tombs of nuns and high, single burial Solontsi in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe areas, burial Chegerak I Minusinsk Basin in the north , Sayan jail in southern Minusinsk depression). In addition, we used materials from the excavations of later monuments, carried out in the south of Khakassia in different years, A.N. Lipsky (represented in museum collections Abakan).
The vast majority of the sources come from archaeological fullknown complexes, has unquestionably dating and often enough - a certain ethnicity. We have already carried out the definition of ethno-cultural and chronological affiliation burial nun and High, as well as a single burial Solontsi (Skobelev SG, 1991, pp. 138-158). Established that on several grounds, including the availability of items of Russian origin (including a silver coin, "flake? XVII century.), These objects may date the end of the XVI - the beginning of the XVIII century. and relate to lived then mixed in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe region Kachintsam and arintsam. In general, together with other closely spaced similar objects cemeteries and single burials shot, Birch and Badalyk, they correspond to what is reported on the funeral rites and Kachintsev Arintsev in the Krasnoyarsk region in the 30-ies. XVIII century. S.P.Krasheninnikov (Krasheninnikov, SP, 1966, pp. 61). With respect to the materials from the area of Sayan prison, located near the exit from the West of the Yenisei-Sayan canyon, we can confidently say that they date from the XVIII century. and can belong to the Russian Cossacks, mostly natives of the Krasnoyarsk fortress, and "the serving people" from among local residents - mostly koybalam. Detailed studies of chronology and ethnicity burials excavated AN Lipsky, as well as burial Chegerak I, not yet been made.

Burial nun and High, as well as a single burial Solontsi are on the left bank. Kacha (Kacha - left tributary of the Yenisei River), a 15.9 km from where it flows into the Yenisei, in Omelyanivske district of Krasnoyarsk region. Late burial objects nun (8 burials in ritual burials) were placed fairly close to a small area (sepulchral box 7h25 m), on a gentle slope from the saddle between two mountain peaks nun, towering over the northern outskirts. Drokin. Mount nun - one of the most notable objects of the landscape in the area. Burial area sodded and covered with low grass, individual clumps of wormwood and orpin. Most objects in the repository high (11 out of 12), located a few miles downstream, are fairly freely on a flattened top, the tall, towering over a broad floodplain. Kacha southeast with. Drokin, one of the burials and burial grounds located on ridges of the eastern slope of the mountain. Burials of the burial rites performed at burials and trupoobozhzheniya on the spot. Gore High - also one of the most prominent objects of the local landscape in the valley. Kacha south-east of sec. Drokin. Burial area intensively sodded and covered quite a thick grasses. Single burial Solontsi performed according to the rite with a partial trupoobozhzheniem burials on the site, located at the top of a nameless high mountains near the north-western outskirts. Solontsi, on ridges of the southwestern slope. Surface burial intensively sodded and covered with thick grasses. Locals no information about the existence of graves in the vicinity of villages and Drokin Solontsi do not have, though. Drokin has existed for over 300 years.
Burial of these burial grounds, as a rule, are much turf, flat solid embankment, outline irregular in shape, usually of small fragments of sandstone slabs and rubble mergelevogo, height is usually about 0,1-0,15 m above the surrounding surface. Maximum height is most often traced to the center of the mound and only occasionally - the crest of the ring, laying the outline. Sometimes the outer surface of the burial did not stand out and were only discovered through the application of the method of continuous excavation. Usually directly under the mounds in shallow pits were funerary structures, made with extensive use of wood. This could be either entirely grobovischa with side, end walls, bottom and lid (or cover) and their individual parts. But despite the differences in design, all burials clearly belong to one culture and may date very close time.

[Dusan]

Remains of bows or parts were found in the graves number 2 and number 8 burial nun (Fig. 1-2), in their graves № 1-3 (Fig. 3-6) High burial, as well as in single graves Solontsi (Fig. 7 ).

Under the bulk grave number 2 the repository was nun funeral facility in the form of overlapping holes arranged in a series of short trunks of pine stumps neoshkurennyh 0,1-0,15 m thick, apparently relying once on the edge of this pit. Tree heavily decayed, and all construction sagged. Lateral walls of the timber was not available and stumps of tree trunks were lying on the bloated sides soil layer under which there is the very backbone. In this case, the ends of logs, relying on the edge of the pit, turned out to lie higher than the middle of this overlap, indicating that the duration of the process of dislodging the soil into the grave pit. Skeleton was lying on his back stretched his head to the west-southwest. At its head were found details headdress, who had, apparently, a cylindrical shape (frame made of birch bark with the remnants of the skin in black). To the left of the buried almost the entire length of the core (terminal pads located at the level of the frontal bone and the foot) were the remnants of a bow in the bark winding-pasting with horn and bone parts. Buried was laid directly on the clay bottom of the pit (traces of wood or bark underneath is not marked). Unfortunately, any specific signs of improved dating this burial can not be held (Skobelev SG, 1985, pp. 12-13). Scarcity of funeral goods makes it difficult to self-dating, and in this case we are forced to carry her through the dating of other burials in the burial ground, containing, as shown by the excavations, a much larger number of things with a well-defined time of their existence. In this case, grave number 2 is probably the earliest in the composition of the burial ground.
We are interested bow lying on the bottom of the hole along the core, almost repeating his form of the line the left side was buried (Fig. 1). Any significant irregularities in the arrangement of both bones, and remnants of a bow, not traced. Apparently, all remaining parts of onions were in a natural position. Although the wooden parts had almost completely disintegrated, the line of the body of archery is well traced by the remnants of bark winding-pasting. The product takes the form of highly elongated letter S. Its total length - 1,4 m (without bending). Found a few horny plates. The central one - is a massive vesloobrazny object is in the middle of the body (Fig. 9, 4). Fixed in place as the two end-liner with a longitudinal section of a wedge-shaped cutouts and fixing stringer (Fig. 8, 1, Fig. 9, and five shoulder pads (Fig. 8, 2-3; Fig. 9, 5 -7). All these details very carefully made from the horns (they have regular shapes and high quality surface treatment). However, selected parts of the shoulder pads significantly affected by the expansion of the horns in the burial (Fig. 8, 3, Fig. 9, 5). Some of the shoulder pads on the back side has a continuous shallow diamond hatching (7.6 lining of the lower arm of onion); shading on the back of one of the plates shown in the figure (Fig. 9, 6). One of the shoulder pads (pad 3 of the upper arm of a bow) is a continuous shallow cross-hatching in the form of lines and intersecting the surface lining at an angle to the long sides. The middle part of the back side of the central vesloobraznoy lining is covered with hatching in the form of parallel lines, reaching an angle to the long sides of the subject. Hatching is often done very casually (the line curves, the distance between them varies, the depth of the strokes are different). Probably, this work was performed by procherchivaniya flat surface with the tip of a sharp instrument (probably a knife). Hatch was applied explicitly to ensure better bonding with a wooden base, given that it is always located on the back (flattened) side of the horn parts. The front side of all plates smooth, carefully crafted. End-liners do not have a hatch. Interestingly, the number plates of the upper arm of a bow (facing the human head) is less than the number plates of the lower
shoulder (facing the feet). But the total length of the upper parts (Fig. 8, 2-3) and lower arms (Fig. 9, 5-7), approximately the same. Surviving the ends of the shoulder pads have a smooth edge that was done, apparently, for sure the joint between them. With central vesloobraznoy plate shoulder pads are not directly docked, being a prominent distance from it. Tree species, which is used for manufacturing base, could not be established. Only within individual sections of bark winding-pasting, which was part of the body is covered with onions, remained weak remnants of wood fibers. Thus, it is a typical example of Compound bow.

Restoring its structure can be noted that the basis of onions were wooden parts that are almost all of their area were secured, apparently with glue strong horny plates. Judging by the fact that the bow was lying notches to secure the bowstring, aimed in the opposite direction of the deceased, may be considered internal to the request skeleton part. Thus, the side plates had to be located on the inner side of the shoulder parts of the product (in its sweep was clearly seen that they are all in the line of bark residues were winding-pasting from the core). Long pads on both shoulders onions were in a position perpendicular to the prone position on the flat sides of the terminal inserts. Central vesloobraznaya pad was also attached to the inner side of kibiti. The entire surface of the product externally, in part, on top of lining on the inside and completely over the lower parts of the terminal inserts, which, like the edge of the wedge were in a wooden base and is likely to rigidly fixed ends, has been carefully glued strips of thin-layer of birch bark, which evidently partly helped fix the design and created her some extra strength and elasticity. Another purpose of winding bark-pasting, as has traditionally been considered - the protection of onion against moisture and sharp temperature fluctuations. But the bark completely protects only the outer part of the body. Inside the same as that may well follow in one of its integral pieces of a length of about 0,3 m, which has precisely cut and bent into the edge, birch bark could cover only a portion of the body and as a result of the shooter, apparently, almost the entire length of the bow was the band it unsealed surface, including surface plates. Birch bark, probably has been previously boil in water to give it strength and elasticity. Bark fibers are placed perpendicular to the bow. In general, this design gave the product a bow high performance - more power, durability and reliability.
Unusual, S-shaped bow, fixed in the line of his remains in the burial pit is not formed by accident in the course of some strains within the burial. That is how the subject was laid during the funeral. Central vesloobraznaya lining is so unique appearance that any other form of bow can not be assumed. Seen from above on its back or front side, it looks like an ordinary vesloobraznaya plate with a pronounced shift from extended and elongated blades narrowed to the middle part. However, in longitudinal section of the pad is a mirror-asymmetric (Fig. 9, 4). Being a major formative detail, the central and most powerful overlay defines the entire look of an unusual product. In connection with the construction of a bow is quite difficult to define the principle of his lower arm. Clearly, the upper arm can only bend outward, ie, the usual way. The direction of the same dish of the other arm to set complicated. But, judging by the fact that the cover and here were from the core, this shoulder in the application of the product also had to bend outward, ie, in the direction of the arrow. Perhaps, at full tension bowstring arched upper arm was markedly stronger than the bottom, and the shape of onion should still be able asymmetry. However, in this case it is not clear how will be the bowstring at the lower arm. That it can bend in one direction or another, a bowstring, in any case should not slide on the surface of the shoulder and then the bow and arrow from the product to be introduced by having a highly elongated shape of the letter S. That's the way it is in the grave. The end of the upper arm bow deviates downwards from the conventional horizontal line, and the end of the lower arm, by contrast, rises above this line. The average of the upper arm is higher than the corresponding location of the lower arm. Thus, when viewed from the side of the graves located in the bow, we see the same shape as when you look at it from above. Probably even before sagging floors burial torso found in onions oplyvshey gradually from the edge of the earth pit, so that it balances and retained its dual S-shape.
Another evidence of the assumption of a peculiar form of this product may be another feature of the central vesloobraznoy lining. It is safe to say that the onion had the second S-shaped (ie, observed by the arrow), looking at the appropriate location of planes of blades at the ends of the inner, facing the basis of lining, where they have a flat surface. Located at an angle to each other (Fig. 9, 9, and b) they generate for lining the whole, the propeller, assuring the existence of a sample of onion is the form which we recorded in the burial.

[Dusan]

On the territory of the middle Yenisei basin such bows are not known.


Under the grave mound number 8 burial nun, who looks on the surface almost did not stand and was discovered only as a result of the continuous extension of the excavation, construction of the burial was a wooden grobovischa, who had all four walls, wooden floor flat of a few stacked scaffold and overlap of panels of birch bark partially cross-linked with each other. Elm joists rested on three thin longitudinal scaffold-shingles, stacked on top of the end walls. Grobovische size 1,8 x 0,7 m was installed in the ground in a specially dug hole. Its walls are not fastened to each other, but were set back to back and covered over outside the ground for stability. Wooden parts grobovischa preserved satisfactorily. Buried laid on his back stretched his head to the west (with a slight deviation to the north), arms extended at your sides. Throughout the area met grobovischa fragments decayed tissue and skin. On the legs found wooden base seat having a deep red color (Fig. 2, 2). On the left side, between the bones of the torso and left hand was buried and found the remains of wooden parts of onion (Fig. 2, 1). Their safety is very bad. Recorded only two fragments of this product, lying in general, in a single straight line over the bottom grobovischa in the middle of the skeleton. The top piece (probably a fragment of the upper arm) remained in length by 16 cm, and the bottom - 45 cm gap between the two fragments of small - only about 2 cm No other details of onions have been recorded. Judging by the degree of decomposition, fibers, a characteristic reddish color and style of wood processing, these two fragments are parts of one piece of wooden products (Skobelev SG, 1985, pp. 17-18). The upper fragment, in general, remained somewhat better, and shape of the product here can be traced more confident than at the lower segment. Unfortunately, the kind of wood that was used for the manufacture of a bow, could not be established. It can only be confidently assumed that it was not a coniferous species, judging by the rather small and dense fibers, a pattern which is typical for wild cherry or ash. Any fragments of birch bark next to the remnants of a bow is not revealed.



The available fragments of onion did not carry the character of all products of this kind - in the first place, cutouts for mounting the string. Probably they belong to the middle of the bow. For this reason, it is not possible to establish an overall length of the product. Only by analogy with the onions from the grave number 2 can be assumed that he could have a maximum length of about 1,5 m minimum length, which can be set according to available details, believing in the pelvis was buried is the middle part of onion, is not less than 0 , 9 am surviving remnants of a bow is a semi-decomposed wooden dice variable width. Opposite the pelvic bones, their width is minimal and reaches 3-3,5 cm maximum width (4-4,5 cm) reach the remains of a bow at the end of the lower fragment in front of the knee was buried. Expansion of the shoulder bow fixed and preserved in the upper end of the fragment, but not as much as the top piece is much shorter than the bottom. The degree of curvature of the transition line to the expansion here is analogous to a similar portion of the lower fragment. The thickness of the surviving fragments of onion and variable. Maximum thickness (a few more than 2 cm) is fixed, where to the minimum width of residues of onion, ie, in front of the pelvic bones. In the section of the product takes the form a trapezoid with rounded corners. Narrower of the two parallel sides of a trapezoid (the segment) was fixed at the top, probably this is the front, outer side of the bow. In case, if we are found only part of composite products, it is, by analogy with wooden bows from western Siberia - the lower die, which is usually different convex shape of its outer surface (Soloviev AV, 1987, p. 26).. Towards both shoulders bow thickness gradually decreases and at the lower end of the fragment reaches less than 1.5 cm section of the end product also has the form of a trapezium (segment) with rounded corners, but highly elongated (Fig. 10). Shape and size of detected residues, generally correspond to parts of composite wood bows from the late Burials of the indigenous population in the territory of Western Siberia (Solovyov AI, 1987, pp. 26), as well as bows out of Russian Mangazeya (Belov MI Ovsyannikov, OV Starkov, VF, 1981. 74). This fact suggests that the pelvic bones we have recorded it remains a central part of the bow. Thus, the bow (or overlay composite wood products) is, apparently carved from one piece of wood, a simple product in a straight line (when viewed from the arrow), narrowed, but the thickened middle part and wide, but more slender shoulders . Apparently, unlike similar bows with the territory of Western Siberia, he did not even bark pasting. The entire amount of observations made, given the fact that no violation of burial structure, which provided the location of all items of burial items in their original locations, suggesting that it could be a simple wooden bow, probably normal, symmetrical M-shaped, with both arms curving outward. At the burial of onions has been laid with run-flat string, flat, outer side up, and apparently over the left shoulder of the deceased, because of which the upper arm products less preserved. If, however, believe that the discovered parts are just one of the surviving part of the wooden bow, then the above considerations concerning the method of placing it in the burial should be adjusted accordingly.

On the territory of the region, it is not known findings of similar products, dating back to close time.
Under the loose-laying out burial mound number 1 High were found severely decomposed remains of grobovischa size 2x0, 6 m in the form of two side frame scaffold with an overlap of two or three longitudinal scaffold (due to the strong expansion of the exact number of the last tree is not installed). Longitudinal slaughterhouse floor rested on two transverse scaffold, which remains fixed at both ends grobovischa. End walls grobovischa lacked, and side were recorded with a vertically driven into the ground outside the wooden pegs. Buried was laid in a shallow grave pit inside the frame on his back, stretched his head to the west (with some deviation to the north). His hands were in the pelvis. Bottom at grobovischa there was no backbone and was lying directly on the ground. Preservation of the bones are very bad, apparently due to adverse chemical soil conditions. The skull was buried remained a small piece of bark with flashed edge (a few small holes alternating right) (Fig. 3, 1). This is probably the remnants of a headdress. In the area of the belt was found strongly Corroded iron ramchataya buckle of rectangular form with rounded corners (Fig. 3, 3). To the left of the core fixed line remains a bow in the form of highly decomposed fragments of horn-rimmed plates and small fragments of decayed bark winding (Fig. 3, 2). Remnants of the wooden framework of onions is not traced at all.

[Dusan]

In the middle of the line remains this is clearly Compound bow, the pelvic bones buried, was found lying flat central vesloobraznaya horn pad. Next to her, found a small fragment, probably the shaft arrows, wrapped in strips of bark. Vesloobraznaya pad save on a significant part of its outer surface layer of bark, much decayed, the winding-pasting (Fig. 11, 1). Preservation of the horns, from which the lining is made, very bad. In fact, one of the blades disintegrated into dust and can be traced only by the restraint of its bark. Therefore, from the front (outside) form lining hardly be traced. However, when viewed from the inside can be seen that the pad has the usual vesloobraznuyu symmetrical form with markedly isolated, elongated lobes, convex outer and inner flat surfaces. The transition from blades to a narrowing of the middle part of the product is fixed firmly. Traces of hatching were observed. Curved or propellerovidnost on this sample is not fixed. Elm does not cover the entire plate and, probably, as in the case of onions from the grave number 2 burial nun, she was placed on the outside, while its curved edges on the inner side, but not back to back, so that there remained a band is not glued birch bark back surface kibiti bow. Moreover, in contrast to the winding-pasting bow out of the grave number 2 nun repository, such as thin-layer glued birch bark fibers are not perpendicular, but at an angle to the lines of the long sides of onion, ie, obliquely (Fig. 11, 1).

Close to both ends of the bow, at the same distance from the central vesloobraznoy lining, confident enough to lie flat fragments were detected horny plates in the form of a rectangle, one narrow side of which is cut straight and the other is tapered and rounded (Fig. 11, 2-3). In addition, there are other parts on the ends of the bow have been noted. In lines residues onions between them and the central vesloobraznoy plate marked fragments of birch bark, clearly descended from the winding-pasting, as well as lying flat on small pieces of horn shoulder pads (Fig. 11, 4-6). All these plates have survived very poorly. Their inner side is flat and external - is convex. Traces of hatching were observed. Strips of bark are usually narrow, from which it can be concluded that the entire bow shoulders are not covered. They are also glued fibers obliquely.

The total length of lines surviving remnants of onions reached 1,3 m, but the bow was obviously longer. The fact that the bow was actually longer than the fixed line remains, we can say based on the fact that both ends of the remaining equally shoulder products have rounded corners horn caps, which are not noted any openings for fastening a bowstring. This means that there were still some details, probably not preserved wooden, by which fastened the bowstring. In order to reinforce horny plates on the ends of a bow to play any role reflectors, the bowstring should be fixed not less than 5-6 cm from the edges of these plates. End of the preserved parts of the upper arm was opposite the crown of skull was buried. Beyond the line end wall pits onion clearly could not be granted. Judging by the experience of our study later burials, the boundary of the grave pit is usually held very close to the head was buried, in this case, no more than 10 cm from the fixed ends of residues of onion. This fact may indicate that the length of the recorded balances of onions can be added on both sides no more than 10 cm Thus, given the size of unpreserved end pieces of onion and its total length was not less than 1,4 m, ie, coincide in this respect with confidence traced the long bow from the grave number 2 burial nun. Bow usual symmetrical shape in the burial has been laid, apparently on the edge, the inner side of the buried, as evidenced by the fixed arcuate line of his remains. Apparently, the surviving wooden grobovische provide protection from exposure oplyva edge of the grave pit for the remnants of a bow and its shape was not noticeably impaired - only after the expansion of the wooden framework horn parts were not kept in an upright position and fell flat on (Skobelev SG, 1988, pp. 23-24).

In the late medieval monuments in the territory of the middle Yenisei basin (in a burial mound number 2 burial Tunchzhuh) took place the discovery of remnants of a bow and a rounded central vesloobraznoy end plates (Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA, 2001, pp. 53-54 ). However, in this case, the terminal pad was in single copy and it had a hole, apparently for attaching the bowstring, which is on both linings from the burial mound burial High number 1 was observed. In addition, the smooth transition from the constricted middle part of the blades themselves are very short, mild central lobe vesloobraznoy the lining of the burial mound number 2 burial Tunchzhuh significantly distinguish this object from a similar lining of the burial mound burial High № 1. Is likely that this sample belongs to the bow of the earliest of those with central vesloobraznye lining and can be dated or early pre-Mongolian Mongolian time.



Under the loose-mound outline number 2 burial High found the remains of wooden grobovischa as a frame of two pine scaffold-type slab (on them across the outer surface were found fragments of pine bark). Probably, this frame was made of two halves of a split log. End walls is not fixed. Grobovische was very weak or incomplete overlap in the form of two thick transverse block, arranged at the ends of the frame at the feet and head was buried, and two thin transverse dies made of pine, partly neoshkurennyh trunks as thick as the hand, remnants of which were recorded in the center of the frame. Buried inside the frame is laid directly on the bottom of a shallow grave pit, on the back, head to the west (with some deviation to the south). Left arm extended along the trunk, the right hand is fixed to the pelvic bone. The skull was lying on his left cheek. Judging by the location of the skull in a burial, it can be assumed that the deceased was poluprislonen head to the end wall of the grave pit. The head was buried the remains found headdress (Fig. 4, 1) from the skin of dark brown color with fragments of bark, and silk and heavily Corroded iron object in the form of plates (Fig. 4, 2). Probably the headdress was combined. In the left shoulder lay Russian silver coin, and in his left knee - bone whistle for arrows (Fig. 4, 4-5). On his feet found the remains of a leather shoe type boots with short tops (Fig. 4, 6). The whole area of the graves there are numerous remains of silk fabrics. To the left of the skeleton on the outside of the bones of his left hand and left leg were recorded remains of the bow and bark winding-pasting (Fig. 4, 3). Only a central vesloobraznaya horn pad and fragments of birch bark on the possible location of the line bow at the grave.

[Dusan]

The central cornea vesloobraznaya pad has the usual symmetrical form (not counting a few obliquely cut off one end) and well isolated, elongated lobes. Clearly observed the transition from blades to a narrowing of the middle part. However, unlike the above-described vesloobraznyh lining, narrowing the middle part of this course is not straight, and somewhat expanding both sides in the middle (Fig. 12, 1). The outer side of the product is convex and smooth, and the interior - a flat and rough at the expense of porous (spongy) structure of the inner substance horns, covered carelessly made diamond hatching made with the tip of a sharp instrument. Hatching lines significantly deeper and wider than the pad on the bow of the grave number 2 burial nun. Lining itself strongly curved outer side out. On its front (outer) surface of the fragments of thin-layer winding bark-pasting. Interestingly, in this case the bark is not across the fibers, and through the long sides of the lining. Birch bark, found under the remains of arms of a bow, in contrast to the above bows before long and very narrow strips. This is due, apparently, the fact that the birch bark wrapping-pasting was placed on the shoulders of the fibers along their lines. Unfortunately, little fragments of bark, in most cases they are not large in size and is currently not possible to determine fully whether it was covered kibit bow. However, one of the fragments of the winding-pasting partially retained its shape under the ribs and onion decay of fibers from the wooden base components of this product, obviously made from different woods. According to him it is safe to commit such an important constructive fact, as the presence of bark strips between the individual parts of a wooden base.

Unfortunately, due to the absence of other horn parts, complete decomposition of the wooden base and a strong expansion of birch winding the exact length of a bow is not installed (Skobelev SG, 1988, pp. 24-25). However, based on the fact that the top of the onion last surviving fragments of bark winding-pasting met in the neck, was buried, and the central vesloobraznaya pad was in the undisturbed state in front of the pelvic bone, it can be assumed that the total length of the product was not less than 1 m. The maximum possible length of the same bow can be about 1,4 m, given that its upper end in any case could not be issued for the line of the end wall of the burial pits, located at a distance of 0,7 m from the midpoint of the central vesloobraznoy lining.

Residues of onion in the burial account is almost a straight line. However, the central vesloobraznaya lining was fixed not lying flat, and on the edge, the outer side facing outwards, towards the walls of the burial pits. This fact suggests that the Compound bow buried was put on edge with deflated bowstring or even without it being sandwiched between the wooden wall and left side grobovischa dead. Apparently, onion body was buried was strongly pressed against the wooden wall grobovischa and therefore it remains in the burial recorded in the form of an almost straight line, although its curved central vesloobraznaya lining and remained lying on the edge (Fig. 5). Satisfactory preservation of wall grobovischa provided protection from exposure to residues of onion oplyva wall of the grave pit. According to available details, the product had the usual symmetrical form.

In the area of the left clavicle was buried in the cemetery mound number 2 high, on top of bark fragments winding bow, lay Russian silver coin, "scale? XVII century. Unfortunately, its both surfaces are strongly obliterated and chasing indistinguishable. However, the discovery of this coin can confidently say about the dating of the burial of the time between the first decades of the XVII and no later than the second decade of the XVIII century. (This, at first glance it would seem unreasonable, the attempt to extend the dating almost to the end of the reign of Peter I is explained by the fact that we have, even in the cultural layer Sayan fort, built in 1718, was found a coin-like "scale", which apparently have been long in circulation, along with coins of new samples). Accordingly, the type and form found here central vesloobraznoy lining on the bow may serve as a guide for determining the chronological affiliation of other similar products found on the territory of the region, in the monuments that have no such clear signs of dating.

Under the loose-mound outline № 3 burial High found the remains of burial structure in the form grobovischa 1,8 x0, 9 am Grobovische consisted of three heavily decayed scaffold with an overlap which is made of two or three longitudinal scaffold (exact number is impossible to determine because of the strong expansion of the tree). Sidewalls grobovischa installed in the burial pit with some outward tilt. On the overlap found the remains of pine bark. Probably the slaughterhouse floor looked like slabs. Needless joists survived only in the center grobovischa over the bone was buried. At the edges, it is completely absent. On the west side, at the head of the deceased, end wooden wall was absent. It found several fragments of Devonian sandstone slabs, on which lay the coals, fragments annealed bones. End wooden wall at the feet of the deceased is established between the two side walls, so that their ends last few spoke out. Buried stowed inside the frame-grobovischa directly to the bottom of a shallow grave pit, on his back, stretched, head to the west (with a slight deviation to the north). Arms extended along the trunk and a few spread out. The skull rests partly on his left cheek. Top of it is severely damaged. Part of the small bones stolen by rodents (in a burial discovered an old gopher hole). On the left and right shoulders buried recorded residual tissue (Fig. 6, 2). On the chest in the center - iron, strongly Corroded vosmerkoobraznaya button (Fig. 6, 3). The right of the skeleton, near the pelvic bone, with bones near the right hand, was discovered by the central cornea vesloobraznaya pad on the bow (Fig. 6, 1). Next to her recorded smaller and weaker fragments of birch bark, perhaps proishodivshe of winding-pasting the bow. However, since fragments of birch bark are in the strong disorder, the line remains a bow is not fixed. The very central vesloobraznaya pad lies flat, the inner side outward, at an angle to the line near the wooden wall grobovischa (Skobelev SG, 1988, pp. 25-26). All this may mean that the remnants of a bow in the grave were greatly disturbed, apparently, people, and later on by rodents. At present it is not possible to restore the shape and length of the product as it was done on the materials described above, the burials. You can not even say with confidence that the bow is buried was put on the right. Not possible that his remains could be moved here later, after the ritual burial, when they were incurred injuries of the skull bones.

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The very central oar like pad has a size and form, characteristic of such items from the burial mounds adjacent number 1 and number 2 burial High. It has the usual symmetrical form, is well isolated, elongated blades (although one of them somewhat shorter and narrower than the other, and the edge is cut slightly obliquely). Clearly observed the transition from blades to a narrowing of the middle part (Fig. 12, 2). The outer side of the product is convex and smooth, and the interior - a flat and rough (due to the porous internal structure of the horn). The presence of hatching were observed. Strap line does not curved. Likely to bow, to whom she belonged, was similar to found in these mounds. Judging by the discovery of the central vesloobraznoy lining and small, thin-layer and fragments of bark, it is safe to assume that the bow was also the Compound.

Under the loose outline of a single-burial Solontsi fixed contours of the grave pit, stands out from the mainland of ground red (mergelevaya clay) because of darker color of his occupation. In filling in the grave pit traced large fragments of burnt wood, bark and charcoal, small pebbles. Probably fragments of burnt wood are the remains of the overlap of the grave pit, over which was diluted ritual funeral pyre. As a result, the overlap was severely damaged by fire. The presence of the side and end walls of the timber in the burial pit were observed. In a shallow grave pit irregularly podovalnogo shape was the skeleton of a teenager. He laid on birch-bark litter at the bottom of the clay pits, pull back, head to the northwest. His hands were lying on the pelvic bones. The skull was lying on the lower jaw, which meant placing the corpse in a burial pit in a way where his head was bowed on his chest (probably under the head was placed some sort of backup or earthen cushion). Most of the small bones of hands and feet missing. In general, it seems that the grave on top was partially disrupted (Skobelev SG, 1989, pp. 9-10). The head on the right found markedly Corroded iron ring (Fig. 7, 1). At the feet of the deceased found the remains of thick leather shoes in black, probably the type of boots with short tops (Fig. 7, 4). In the lower jaw on the left found a leather pouch in the form of a heart, which lay a small piece of lead heart-shaped (probably an amulet) (Fig. 7, 5). Right along the torso stripped remnants of a bow. Close to the bones of his right hand (outside) lay vesloobraznaya central pad (Fig. 7, 2). It is almost completely covered by a fragment of bark winding-pasting. Itself, this is an overlay. Its two halves of unequal length, made from the horn of an animal, are joined under a layer of bark to each other in a straight line (the lines cross the cutoff in both halves of the straight and level). Surface of bone, right leg below the knee, several landslides inside, that is, in fact, between the legs of the deceased, together with fragments of bark were winding two shoulder horny plates (Fig. 7, 3). Any fragments of horn plates above the location of the center caps, ie, supplies high-side bow, as well as details for fixing the bowstring at the lower shoulder is not done. Residues of onion wooden base is nowhere recorded. All available horny plates in the grave lie flat, outer side up.


Central vesloobraznaya pad consists of two parts, closely adjacent to each other. The upper part of the profile line has a length of 8.7 cm (Fig. 13, 1, callout), the bottom a few bent out - its length is 9.3 cm in all, this product has the usual symmetrical form, enlarged and elongated lobes well-defined, albeit more gradual than that of the previously described plates, the transition from blades to a narrowing of the middle part of the line. Front (outer) surface of both halves of the lining is smooth and convex and the rear - a flat, covered with a barely perceptible diamond hatching. Place joint between two halves of any horn parts not further strengthened. This composite product is almost entirely covered with a piece of thin-layer winding bark-pasting, butt the edges of which passes through the edge of the lining. Themselves between the edge of a no stitched. Birch bark fibers placed on the line long sides of the lining (Fig. 13, 1).

Both the lining of the lower arm bow at the burial were close to each other, apparently, docking in a straight cut line edge. Higher on the line of the body is damaged onion end up to have more short lining. Her deliberately rounded end partly broken (Fig. 13, 2). At long (bottom) lining the distal end narrower and has almost the same width as the width of the end with a straight-edged a shorter lining (Fig. 13, 3). However, this very long lines residues lining a bow in the burial unexpectedly turned to a shorter lining its wide end. Both pads markedly curved toward the front surface, which account for a single curve. Front (outer) surface of both plates convex and smooth, and the rear - flat and rough (at short due to natural porous internal structure of the horn, and at length - with traces of processing tools, like a rasp when he made the motion at an angle to the line of long parties). Several small fragments of thin-layer winding bark-pasting found with these parts of the lower arm of onions, are narrow, precisely cut strips of width but the size of the linings. Birch bark, in contrast to the central part of the bow, placed the fibers at an angle to the line of the long sides of the linings. Thus, one can assume that the lower shoulder bow was covered with a strip of birch bark just over horn-rimmed plates.

Unfortunately, the general line of residues of onion in the burial could not be fixed (absent from even the ashes of its wooden base, the dead lay on the bark litter, because of which the winding line of birch-pasting on the shoulders of a bow to trace failed due to the inability to separate these fragments from pieces of litter). However, if you believe that the lining of the lower arm were approximately at the original location, the distance from the end of the last of them until the middle of the central vesloobraznoy lining, apparently, also lying almost on the original location, is nearly 0.65 m. This may suggest total length of the bow is not less than 1.3 m. However, the detected parts of the lower shoulder bow did not recorded the following openings for fastening a bowstring. This could mean that, by analogy with the method of determining the total length of onions from the burial mound burial High number 1, we bow to the length of a single burial Solontsi (taking into account this need to preserve the properties of reflectors horny plates available at the lower-leg) should add at least another than 5-6 cm, and, apparently, with each side. As a result, using similar calculations, we can assume that the length of the bow was also not less than 1,4 m, which corresponds to the average length of all the above-described products. Correspond to a similar representation of the size and form central vesloobraznoy lining (only except that the overlay is a component).

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On the form of a bow, on the basis of the location of the burial of remains found, it is difficult to say anything definite. Probably still available items onions are not in their original locations relative to the longitudinal line. Since the central vesloobraznaya pad located under such a high angle to the likely length of the bow that can not be entered in the line of the two plates of the lower arm of the bow. She is also a very large angle to the side of the grave pit (Fig. 7, 2). Probably due to oplyva dirt walls of the grave pit, this pad after a strong expansion of residual bow slipped inside and was closely pressed to the bones of his right hand was buried, lying under a noticeable angle to the line of the pit wall. In turn, the lining of the lower arm of onions, being initially placed together with the lower shoulder bow flat on top of the right foot buried, apparently slipped from her and turned out to lie between the legs (Fig. 7, 3). If, however, believe that the fixed arrangement of parts of onions was due to bow at the burial space is not flat, but on the edge, then the upper arm of this product should have been far beyond the side wall of the grave pit (a kind of central vesloobraznoy lining can not assume S-shaped bow, when his upper arm could be due to the bend in the opposite direction to be within the burial pit), the probability of making it difficult to accept. Thus, most likely bow in the burial was placed flat on top of the right foot and along the right hand of the deceased with a removed or deflated bowstring. This product was undoubtedly Compound and was most likely the usual symmetrical form. Judging by the number of similarities in the funeral goods, funeral at the time of its construction is very close to those described above monuments.

On the territory of the middle Yenisei basin has hitherto been known only to a fact finding component of the central vesloobraznoy lining - a burial mound № 3 Tunchzhuh (Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA, 2001, pp. 53-54). Author excavations dated this monument is the first half of II millennium. er. Composite lining of burial mound № 3 Tunchzhuh characterized by the low, barely outlined the transition from the middle part to a slightly expanded blades, which are slightly longer. Probably a weakly expressed vesloobrazny image overlays because it relates to the product, which is one of the earliest examples of bows so-called Mongolian type. In the last field season in one of the looted tombs in burial ritual burials Koybaly I, we also observed a similar composite overlay with weak lobes and unexpressed transition to them from a slightly narrower middle part. Composition and nature of funeral goods, found in the graves, not allow us to date the monument of the late middle of the II millennium. er. Probably it refers to the beginning of the Mongol time, or even the previous period. Therefore, we can assume that the lining with slightly expanded ends, unexpressed, short blades and poorly marked a transition for them from the constricted middle part belongs to the earliest examples of the bows "of the Mongolian type." Overlay of the same burial Solontsi, despite the fact that it is an integral, possesses all the attributes of the product of later times. Should be confident enough to believe that this sample dates to Russian time, given the discovery of lead products in the burial (in the monuments dorusskoy era of lead products is not known). Thus, the existence of central composite vesloobraznyh lining does not necessarily imply for bows "of the Mongolian type of" early dating.

Remains of another late-bow have been discovered in a burial burial Chegerak I, located on the north Khakass-Minusinsk Basin. The cemetery is located on the left bank of the creek Chegerak (Chegerak - left tributary of the Yenisei River), 2 km from the place of its confluence with the Yenisei, in Novoselivs'ka district of Krasnoyarsk region. Objects repository Chegerak I - 6 burials performed by the rites of burials and cremation are available quite freely on the tops of small hills that are the first terrace above the floodplain of the stream. Above this first terrace overlooks the mountain on which there are several stone vaults tashtykskoy culture. Thus, the objects of the repository are not located on the highest mountain in the area, which is quite unusual for a monument of XVII - beginning of XVIII century. (Skobelev SG, 2000, pp. 166-169). Burial area intensively sodded and covered with thick grasses. Locals no information about the existence of this cemetery are not, although the closest village Novoselovo existed since the XVIII century.

Burial burial Chegerak I, as a rule, is an intensive turf flat ring of debris laying slabs of Devonian sandstone height about 0,1 - 0,15 m above the surrounding surface with a flattened surface in the center of the ring (Mitko OA, 1990, . 2-3; Mitko OA, 1991, pp. 2-7). Their maximum height is usually observed along the crest of the calculations. Unfortunately, only mounds of number 4 and number 5 in the composition of the burial ground were not looted. Therefore, the remains of stone structures were detected on the surface, as well as proper burial constructions, for the majority of mounds have been significantly altered by predatory excavation. In addition, the burial mounds of the majority, except for the burial mound number 6, found a very lean inventory, which can not reasonably hold them dating and communicate with each other. Confidence among the later monuments can be attributed only mounds of number 5 and number 6.

Not looted burial mound number 5, made according to the rite burials, gives us a complete picture of its structure (burial adult in a simple grave pit deeper than 0,8 m, stretched on his back with arms at your sides, head to the west, with an installed vertically stone stele in the head). Sufficiently deep burial mound pit number 5 is not characteristic of the cultural traditions of their ancestors Khakases in the XVII - beginning of XVIII century. When the burial occurred very deep, almost on the surface of the earth. Tomb of depth to the knee for most ethnic groups in the region (y kyzyltsev the loins, and in this respect, it should be recalled that the location of the burial ground Chegerak I - Border area between kachintsami and kyzyltsami), usually by digging already in the XIX century. (Butanaev VY, 1998, pp. 204). Installed over the burial pit stone stele is also not typical for the burials of XVII - beginning of XVIII century. But this custom is known in the population of the middle Yenisei in the pre-Christian era (at the end of XVIII - first half of the XIX century).. So I. Karatanov noted in the XIX century. That the graves obkladyvaetsya slabs over baptized to give up, and over the unbaptized simple poles or buried upright slabs (Karatanov I., 1884, pp. 630). The location of the mound is no longer at the maximum height above the surrounding terrain, which was typical of earlier monuments, also brings the object to the graves from cemeteries ancestors Khakases late XVIII - early XIX century. Placed usually at medium altitudes on ridges on the slopes Mountains. This was probably due to the fact that the deceased at that time were delivered to the place of burial in a cart or sled, where it was difficult to climb the steep tops (Butanaev VY, 1998, pp. 206, 210). Way to the room dead to the grave - head to the west, where the supposedly dead souls go, with outstretched arms along the body, is typical for most recent burial, and he used during the XIX century. (Butanaev VY, 1998, pp. 210, 208).

№ 6 mound was plundered, but by design it is close to the device barrow № 5. Found in it things burial items match this dating. Currently, based on available materials, we can date the burial site, or, more precisely, the two mound, the end of XVIII - the middle of the XIX century. Detail of onion was observed only in the burial mound № 6.

By laying out the outline of the mound, № 6 detected the outlines of the grave pit, stands out from the mainland due to its soil prevented filling, which consisted of gumusirovannoy sandy loam and fine sandstone tiles. In a sufficiently deep burial pit (about 0,6 m above the surrounding surface) identified the remains of the plundered burial rites performed at burials. Many bones of the skeleton were missing, while the remaining were mixed and shifted to the eastern half of the pit. In this part of the burial pit, which had, in general, podpryamougolnuyu shape 2,2 x 1,3 m, close to the skull and other bones of a skeleton adult also found some items burial items - four heavily Corroded iron petiolate flat arrowheads, quivers hook and a fragment fished. Railways were a bunch of things (Mitko OA, 1990, pp. 6-7). Almost all of these things have their exact analogies in later monuments in the region, including the cultural layer Sayan fort dating from the XVIII - early XIX century. It also found the central vesloobraznaya horn pad on the bow. At the bottom of the grave pit recorded bark fragments of different sizes may occur either from the ruined rug or floor, or from the quiver of bark or winding-pasting the bow.


Because

looting of burial remains of a bow on the ground did not recorded. Central vesloobraznaya lining also is clearly not in place. Therefore, the length of the bow, and his form surely can not be restored. Judge this is possible only on the basis of the most caps (Fig. 12, 3). Its length is about 18 cm, width narrow - less than 2 cm, width of blades - some more than 3 cm Product usual symmetrical form has expanded and elongated lobes pronounced, albeit more gradual than the lining of the above sites, with the exception of burial Solontsi, the transition from the constricted middle part of the blades, but differs from all the latest proportionally much wider blades. Recorded slight bend in the direction of the front pads (outer) side. Item is made from the horn of a large animal. Front (outer) side is treated very carefully and smoothed instrument similar to a file with a large notch. The reverse side is a porous (spongy), the rough structure of the inner substance without a trace of horns hatching. In general, both in size and shape and nature of treatment, this pad is close similar items originating from the burial mounds burial High № 1-3. On this basis, we can assume that the total length and design of a bow from the burial mound burial № 6 Chegerak I, who was obviously composite and had the usual symmetrical form, similar to what we have learned about the bows of these mounds.

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Ota and burial Hyzyl-aal located on the left bank. Abakan, Khakassia in the south. The cemetery is located Ota on the right bank. Thea, on the contrary ulus Ota. The cemetery Hyzyl-aal is located on the left bank. Abakan, somewhat upstream from the Ulus Hyzyl-aal. These tombs excavated AN Lipsky. Currently, excavation of materials stored in the collections of Khakassia Republic Regional Museum and part is exhibited in the permanent exhibition in the window of Khakassia, after the Mongol invasion. According to museum staff, handwritten fund AN Lipsky is in poor condition, and reports to the Division of Field Studies, Institute of Archaeology himself AN Lipsky sent is not always the case. Therefore, with respect to material data repositories, we can speak only on the basis of inspection items currently available in the funds.


Among the finds excavated from the tombs of two of these burial grounds are iron arrowheads, spear, iron knives, truck breakdowns and their parts, lining on the straps and other items specific to the population of the basin the middle Yenisei Late Middle Ages. Objects clearly of Russian origin in their composition are not available, but there are separate products (iron arrowheads, knives, petiolate large size, truck-stops for breakdowns in the form of a four-flower, lotus flowers and others), similar to those that are known in the monuments of XVII-XVIII centuries. , including the cultural layer Sayan prison. All this makes it possible to date these materials, probably, the period XIV - the beginning of XVII century., Although the lower limit in this case and determined quite arbitrarily. The author of the excavation dated some of the studied tombs, including those containing residues with a central bow vesloobraznoy plate, XV-XVII centuries. (Lipsky, AN, 1946, pp. 84-85).

For details of the bows are two central vesloobraznye lining the usual symmetrical form with a confident selected extended and elongated lobes, a well-marked transition to them from the constricted middle part. Both are made from the horn of a large animal, and come from Compound bows. These items have already received a brief description in the literature (Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA, 2001, pp. 53-54). The length of the lining of onions from the burial ground Hyzyl-aal is about 20 cm, and the lining of the burial ground of Ota - about 33 cm in this lining of burial Ota different unusual length of its blades, and if the median narrow part of each of the lining of approximately equal length, then difference in total length between them is formed by an unusually elongated lobes of the latter. As for its overall length, and length of the blades, this strap is markedly different from all known to us. Probably, onions, to which she belonged, also had an unusually large size. These products, of course, a simple symmetrical shape, should be attributed to one of the most advanced bows "Mongol types" on the Yenisei.

Sayan jail, built in 1718, a detachment of Cossacks from Krasnoyarsk, located on the right bank. Yenisei River, on the outskirts of the modern village of Sayansk in Shushenskoy district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It is known that the prison during the century was the Russian administrative center for a vast area of southern Yenisei region. Along with Russian servicemen in persons, protection of the border in this area until the 60-ies. XVIII century. bore and local residents, mainly koybaly. As a result of many years of close proximity of Russian people and local residents as to the territory and in more northern areas, was coming from the bulk of Russian pioneers, really formed a single set of artefacts that illustrates well the cultural layer of the prison. Both local residents and the Russian people in the use of both were the same items of weapons, basic tools, utensils, ornaments, etc. (Skobelev SG, 2001). Included in this number, and bows that were on that territory, in common use until the middle of the XIX century. and later. So Yenisei governor AP Stepanov wrote in the first third of the XIX century. That local residents and Russian peasants constantly used in hunting rifles, along with bows and arrows, and noted that the arrow hits the animal in a shot rifles, and sometimes more (Stepanov AP, 1997, pp. 31, 73). High fighting qualities of local archers have predetermined their long existence on this territory.

As part of the cultural layer Sayan fort we found a large number of subjects, indicating the wide use of bows its inhabitants - the iron and bone arrowheads of various types, bone whistle on the boom. These items have full analogy with the findings from burials and settlements of the indigenous inhabitants of the region (Skobelev SG, 1999, pp. 185-207; Skobelev SG, Mandryka PV, 1999, pp. 208-214). Found a few items that we can determine how harvesting horn parts Compound bows. So in the cultural layer sector № 115 total excavation in the area of the prison yard found the subject of a horn, apparently, is preparation for a wedge-shaped terminal leaf onion (Skobelev SG, 2001, fig. 32, 2). Is part of a deer antler length about 15 cm, roughly trimmed on all sides with a knife. Has the form of an elongated rectangle of a wedge-shaped profile (Fig. 12, 4). Slot for attaching a bowstring remained not scheduled. This course, based on its general type, length, and, particularly, wedge-shaped, it could serve as a blank for the manufacture of Compound bow liner terminal, such terminal inserts bow out of the grave number 2 burial nun. In addition to this piece, as part of the cultural layer Sayan fort was found a few pieces of horn varying degrees of processing, from which could be made by individual items Compound bows, similar to found in the above texts. However, their incomplete forms can not talk about it quite clearly.


Bows as versatile and multifunctional tools used for hunting - the most important sector of economy, and in the fighting, were a major means of production and, simultaneously, the most important subject of weapons of indigenous middle Yenisei in the late Middle Ages. All of his neighbors in this time also used the bow in these qualities. As stated Russian explorers, local residents hunted only with bow: "... The Siberian and Lena foreigners, bows, and other fishing ... do not know" (History of Siberia, 1968, pp. 77). I. IDES and A. Brand, during his embassy to China (1692-1695 gg.) Specifically noted in the ratio of the Yenisei Kyrgyz, that "... Their weapons consist of bow and arrow" (IDES I., Brand A., 1967, . 281). In the first quarter of the eighteenth century. DG Messerschmidt notes that arintsem, for example, in the grave lay his arms, namely, bows and arrows (Messerschmidt DG, 1962, S. 165). But unfortunately, his contemporaries have left us detailed descriptions of bows. Now, for example, it is difficult to say if they saw in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. and later in the indigenous population patterns similar to those found in the tomb burial number 2 nun. The first who gave a description of the bows that existed at the same time that indigenous and Russian inhabitants of the region, was governor of Yenisei AP Stepanov, who served in this position in 20-ies. XIX century. According to him, "... Elastic bow length 2 a yard, tied bowstring of the colon as a tow, a string has an ordinary form. He pasted on top with birch bark and coated the bottom of the horn-plate "(Stepanov, AP, 1997, pp. 73). As you can see from this description, the most prevalent Compound bows are the usual symmetrical form. Most of us found in the later burials of similar types of products fall under a full description of how the shape and size, and by design. Probably, the simple and composite wood, as well as asymmetric Compound articles with horny plates, were rare, and AP Stepanov, for this reason, they either do not meet or do not bother to mention them. In this regard, we note that a small number found during archaeological excavations remnants tselnoderevyannaya bows not only due to the fact that because of the lack of horn parts, as expected, they are simply not recorded in the graves in connection with the complete decomposition of the tree, but also apparently small number of these products are in use.

In the archeological sites of the late medieval and early modern times in Siberia found a significant number of residues of the bows of various kinds - from simple wooden Compound until combined (or composite). For example, found in later graves in Baraba bows are four types existed, apparently, at the same time (Molodin VI, Sobolev VI, Solovyov AI, 1990, pp. 43-49). As can be seen in the late medieval and later burials on the Yenisei us were also found different bows: wood, without any additional horn parts, with only a one-piece horn vesloobraznuyu lining has a whole except vesloobraznoy still horny and shoulder pads, having, together with the central vesloobraznoy grip shoulder-piece and composite horny plates, as well as the horn terminal inserts, having a composite vesloobraznuyu pad and compound the same shoulder horny plates. These products belong to both groups - simple and Compound. Most of them, as the bows with neighboring territories, had, apparently, the usual form with arching shoulders forward.

[Dusan]

Central (median) oar like horny plates traditionally belong to the bows so-called "Mongol types" and are considered their most important feature. Meanwhile, all these pads, as we have seen, vary considerably among themselves in appearance, mainly on the degree of separation and the length of the extended lobes. On the territory of the middle Yenisei basin so far discovered more than a dozen central overlap with vesloobraznuyu form. Among them are designs that have barely planned expansion of the blades, the length of the blades themselves is negligible, and the transition from restricted to the middle of an extended end to make a very smooth (Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA, 2001. 54). These items were found in graves, where either there was no burial items with signs of dating, or in the graves dating from the pre-Mongolian, and perhaps the Mongol time, but certainly no later than the beginning of the XVII century. In turn, the burials, dating back confidently XVII - beginning XIX century., Including the fact of goods of Russian origin, we do not know linings of this type, at this time, all the plates have been clearly defined, extended and elongated blade with a sharp transition from the middle part to the extensions at the ends. So lining of the youngest among the known burials in the Yenisei (burial mound № 6 Chegerak I) has the most extensive and pronounced lobes. This fact allows us to assume that the evolution of these overlaps in the preceding "dark period" flowed through the expansion and extension of the blades, forming a sharp transition to them from the constricted middle part. Probably, the formation of extended lobes overlapping at this and nearby areas started in the pre-Mongolian time (Kyzlasov LR, 1969, pp. 75-76) to the XVII century. Basically completed. In this form, taking into account the fact that further development of the design of transition and is proportional to the expansion blades relative to the middle part, vesloobraznye lining lasted probably until the middle of the XIX century. (Based on the maximum possible upper limit of execution time of burial in the barrow № 6 burial Chegerak I, where it was discovered a similar product).

In addition to the above, markedly pronounced and quite elongated blade with a well-planned transition to them from the constricted middle part were the central vesloobraznye the lining of the monuments Chasovennaya Gore and Kokorevs on the Yenisey (Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA, 2001. 53 -54). However, the data items, unfortunately, are not solid, and therefore we can not confidently judge their true shape and size. It also does not allow to assign them to any particular historical period, based on their own special features. However, observing significantly longer blade with the last of the plates, we can assume that the first of them originating from tomb number 2 Chasovennaya Mountain repository and has a very short blade is earlier. This is, in general, confirms our observations on the evolution of the bow "of the Mongolian type, since the burial Chasovennaya Mount traditionally dates from the Mongol time, ie, the period when the process of formation of such samples bow was still in its infancy.

As already noted, the preliminary typology Compound bows out of the middle Yenisei Late burials to date, a (Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA, 2001. 53). Its authors identified 4 types of products:

with a single intact medial frontal plate;
with a composite middle frontal plate;
with the middle and front end plates;
with the middle and front shoulder straps, complemented by end liners.


Currently, based on our results, this typology should be clarified and expanded. So, apparently, should refuse to assign to a particular type of sample compound bows with a median plate, because the shape of the lining in the operating position is fully consistent whole and they may also be accompanied by an additional shoulder pads, probably more objective would be the assignment of such samples only the relevant subtypes Compound bows. Given the discovery of the grave number 2 burial nun original sample of onions, we can on this basis to propose to allocate a separate subgroup Compound products - bows with asymmetrical shoulders and curving S-shaped front line kibiti.

Bow out of the grave number 2 burial nun, having the greatest number of species of horn parts and an unusual form, refer to the individual and sub-type is the most difficult among the well-known to us on the Yenisei. Because of the lack of close similarities with the neighboring areas is still difficult to talk about any borrowing or influence in the production of products of this type. Most likely, given the observed diversity of archers, the "suburban" and kachintsev arintsev in the seventeenth century. It can be assumed that the specimen is one of the evidence of their relatively high degree of specialization in the application of different types of bows, depending on how weather and seasonal conditions, and on the purpose for which should be shooting. In this regard, it should result in a well-known example of the variety of types of Korean bows, destined for battle, hunting, competition, training, ritual action, shooting in the foot and horse-drawn position for throwing different types of arrows, etc. (Atknin VD Glinski, EA, 1987, pp. 84). Apparently, the master of the middle Yenisei also in relation to different goals and changing weather and seasonal conditions, taking into account the wishes of customers produced bows of different types, one of which is in the development of production and received such an unusual shape.


Evidence of high enough for his time training of local craftsmen and level of development of this craft in the indigenous population of the Yenisei are messages written sources that have Krasnoyarsk "suburban Tatars were renowned expert on making bows, which handled the orders even Russian servicemen people (Bakhrushin SV, 1959, pp. 32). Probably found in the grave number 2 nun in a cemetery in Krasnoyarsk original sample of onions is also a product to come from the hands of local craftsmen. Nevertheless, one should not assume that just Kaczynski or Arin craftsmen experimented in this way in Siberia. It should be mentioned that the Inuit of Canada in the recent past, along with bows usual symmetrical form existed Compound composite product of a very peculiar appearance, where the line of the body was a chaotic curved line (Damas D., 1984, P. 405). There is also archaeological evidence of possible existence in other areas of Siberia bows asymmetric shape. So the study of late medieval dilapidated burial cave of warrior in Shida Baikal was discovered bone central vesloobraznaya pad on the bow having a profile form highly elongated letter "S" and is a two-part (Goryunova OI Pavlutskogo VV, 1992. 87 -97). Unfortunately, the shape of the bow at the funeral due to a partial fix the looting was not possible, but, judging from the materials of us from the grave number 2 nun in a cemetery in Krasnoyarsk, overlay is not by chance acquired a configuration in the burial, for example, could be previously erroneously assume under the influence of settling overlap the grave, and was intentionally carried out in this form, probably for the article, which also had an S-shape. Apparently, in the late Middle Ages and early modern period bows of this type still have some distribution in Siberia, although quantitatively they are clearly inferior to products usually an M-shaped symmetrical with the central vesloobraznymi pads, are widely known in Eurasia.


Based on fact finding for this sample of onion with original design completions ends with some horn parts, and finds a horny piece of a similar kind in the area of Sayan jail, we conclude that later composite bows Yenisei could have another important feature, namely, end tapered liners with slits for the bowstring, which, like the spacers were in the wooden base of the body and rigidly fixed with its ends. Probably, as the experience of recent excavations of sites in western Siberia, except the horn, could be applied simply wooden tapered end inserts (Solovyov AI, 1987, p. 26).. These details of the specifics of his appointment and the location of any reflectors is not functional and horny liners can be painlessly replaced by wood (the latter, for obvious reasons, usually in the archaeological sites were not recorded).

In several cases, we found solid and composite shoulder pads is a very short horn parts. Such overlays clearly could not play a significant role reflectors. Probably, their appointment, mainly to balance the shoulders bow to achieve equal dynamic load attached to their arm, as well as to strengthen the weaknesses kibiti identified during the course of production control or test operation.




We found the remains of composite bows show a marked diversity in the ways of placing bark winding-obkleek. Traditionally it was thought that such items or their major parts, fully covered with birch bark, which helped strengthen the horny lining of the body there (Soloviev AV, 1987, pp. 25). However, the experience of our study showed that in some cases, birch winding-pasting covered only part of the body onion (usually the front). In addition, never been documented cases of multilayer windings, even in a separate section of the bow. Strip of birch bark were usually so narrow that their edges can not be placed even overlap. An essential role for the attachment of horny plates are birchbark items did not play. This circumstance, given the above message and AP Stepanov, means that for later bows of the Yenisei, we can not use the definition of "birch bark wrapping. Actually we found fragments of bark could not be attached to the bows of the body differently, as with glue and therefore they should be called and, respectively. In addition, it was found that the strips of birch bark, which has always been very thin and single-layer could be placed on the bow across the fibers, the length and angle to the lines kibitey, with their different location could be the case even one sample of onions. For later bows Yenisei also be regarded as an established fact the use of gaskets made of birch bark between the parts of some of these items Compound that was done, probably for their stronger adhesion.

Several authors have previously expressed the view that an imbalance between the amount found in graves on the territory of Western Siberia remains the bows and the number of burials, where there were no remnants of the bows, but there were traces of quivers, arrows, and the remnants of tips for them, indicative of the fact that up to us simply have not reached the remnants tselnoderevyannaya bows, whose number could be much larger than we know the results of excavations (Molodin VI, Sobolev VI, Solovyov AI, 1990, pp. 47). This is generally correct assumption, however, be used for our region, taking into account the fact that, contrary to the graves of the middle Yenisey, along with the onions were not always quivers, arrows, etc. Probably, in reality, not There was a strict relationship between the presence in the graves of bows and their accessories.


We conducted the study late bows to determine the nature of the production of these guns ranged on the last, the final stage of evolution, when it started a gradual process of displacement of handguns. Having gone through major historical periods, such as bows Scythian, Hun and Turkic (Uighur) types, the history of the production and use of these weapons of war and the hunt for indigenous and Russian inhabitants of the region, ended on a Compound bow of the Mongolian type, get to the XVII century. In Overall, little change compared with their first sample. In regard to the majority of archaeological finds, this is expressed mainly in changing the shape of the central (median) vesloobraznoy lining, which was more marked and longer blade with a well-planned transition to them from the middle waist portion. Moreover, given the repeated findings, innovation seems to have been used for individual samples bows end of wedge-shaped inserts with slots for the bowstring, which were made of horn, and possibly wood. Compound (composite) bows at the end of the middle Yenisei late medieval and early modern times on formal grounds, for the most part, can not be top of these products. Apparently, in this respect, based, mainly because of the number and size of horn parts, they are not significantly different in their combat and operational qualities of onions, such as Hun-type that appeared in more than fifteen hundred years before that. Along with Compound composite, were used and the simple wooden bows (and possibly, composite wood). However, the individual can say, piece samples later Compound (composite) bows, for example, such an event from the grave number 2 burial nun product asymmetric shape of their appearance and, accordingly, fighting qualities, apparently, were isolated from the total mass of products, reaching the limit of perfection for any performance.

REFERENCES


Atknin VD, Glinsky EA Equipment Korean archer / Korean and Mongolian collections at MAE. L., 1987.
Bakhrushin S. Essays on the history of the Krasnoyarsk district in the seventeenth century. / / Proceedings. T. IV. M., 1959.
Belov MI Ovsyannikov, OV, Starkov VF Mangazeya. Material culture of Russian polar explorers and sailors of XVI-XVII centuries. Part II. , 1981.
Butanaev VY Ethnic Culture of Khakassia. Abakan, 1998.
Goryunova OI Pavlutskogo VV burial cave of warrior in Shida / / Archaeological Site of the Middle Ages in Buryatia and Mongolia. Novosibirsk, 1992.
Izbrant IDES and Adam Brand. Notes on the Russian Embassy in China (1692-1695). M., 1967.
History of Siberia: In 5 m. T. 2. L., 1968.
Karatanov IV features an external life Kaczynski Tatars / / Proceedings of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. T. XX. SPb., 1884.
Krasheninnikov SP in Siberia. Unpublished materials. Leningrad, 1966.
Kyzlasov LR History of Tuva in the Middle Ages. M., 1969.
Lipsky AN excavations of ancient tombs in Khakassia in 1946 / / BRIHMC. M.-L. Vol. XXXV.
Mitko OA Proceedings of the Krasnoyarsk archaeological unit in 1989. Novosibirsk, 1990. Archive of.
Mitko OA Proceedings of the Krasnoyarsk archaeological unit in 1990, Novosibirsk, 1991. Archive of.
Molodin VI, Sobolev VI, Solovyov AI Barabba in the late Middle Ages. Novosibirsk, 1990.
Skobelev SG Report on archaeological excavations late medieval monuments in the Altai, Bey and Omelyanivske districts of Krasnoyarsk Territory in the field season in 1984, Novosibirsk, 1985. Archive of.
Skobelev SG report on the excavation and investigation of late medieval monuments in Bey, Bolsheuluyskom, Emelyanovsky, Minusinsk, Novoselivs'ka and Ordzhonikidze district of Krasnoyarsk region in the field season of 1985. Novosibirsk, 1985. Archive of.
Skobelev SG Report on archaeological excavations in the Bey, Emelyanovsky, Novoselivs'ka and Shusha regions of archaeological exploration in Bogradskom and Sukhobuzimo districts of Krasnoyarsk Territory in the field season of 1987. Novosibirsk, 1988. Archive of.
Skobelev SG Report on archaeological excavations in the Bey, Emelyanovsky, Novoselivs'ka and Shusha regions of archaeological exploration in Bogradskom district of Krasnoyarsk region in the field season of 1988. Novosibirsk, 1989. Archive of.
Skobelev SG late medieval archeology and the problem of ethnogenesis of modern indigenous peoples of Southern Siberia: Problems of Medieval Archaeology of Southern Siberia. Novosibirsk, 1991.
Skobelev SG Sayan jail - a monument to Russian era in the history of Eurasia / Eurasia: cultural heritage of ancient civilizations. Vol. 2. Horizons of Eurasia. Novosibirsk, 1999.
Skobelev SG, Mandryka PV Problems chronology of some items of archaeological Eurasia Russian time (on the materials Sayan prison and Aykanskogo Villages) / Eurasia: cultural heritage of ancient civilizations. Vol. 2. Horizons of Eurasia. Novosibirsk, 1999.
Skobelev SG late medieval archaeological sites south of Central Siberia: Problems and results of a study / / Russian Archaeology: Progress and Prospects XX XXI centuries. Izhevsk, 2000.
Skobelev SG Report on archaeological excavations Sayan security jail in Shusha region, the burial ground of St. George Gore in Minusinsk District of Krasnoyarsk Territory in the field season in 2000, Novosibirsk, 2001. Archive of.
Skobelev SG Addition in XVII-XVIII centuries. a single set of material culture of the indigenous population and the Russian Central Siberia Siberian Zaimka, 2001, № 8., http://www.zaimka.ru/archaeology/skobelev11.shtml.
Solovyov AI Military indigenous population of Western Siberia. Novosibirsk, 1987.
Stepanov AP Yenisei Province. Krasnoyarsk, 1997.
Khudyakov, YS, Kim SA Weapon Kyrgyz Kyshtym Vopr military affairs and demography of Siberia in the Middle Ages. Novosibirsk, 2001.
Damas D. Copper Eskimo / / Handbook of North American Indians. V. 5. Arctic. Washington, 1984. P. 397-414.
Messerschmidt D.G. Forschungsreise durch Sibirien 1720-1727. Teil 1. Tagebuchaufzeichnungen 1721-1722. Berlin, 1962.
ABBREVIATIONS:

IA - Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
MAE - Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography
BRIHMC - brief reports of the Institute of History of Material Culture




Later bows Middle Yenisei
Nechiporenko VN, Pankin SV Skobelev SG

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Work performed under the grant of RFH № 01-01-00289a

[Dusan]

In text was often use word"compound" -i think best is "composite" . Russians archeologist evan in original text use word " Horn " plates , but its clearly "bone" plates - maybe more incorect words , but i think "base information is ucefull .

[Dusan]

Now shorter article aboutMongol tribes armour...


Armament Jungars and Khalkha Mongols in the late Middle Ages
Khudyakov, S., Bobrov, LA

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Work performed under the grant of RFH № 01-01-00289



In the past three decades the study of weapons and military art nomads of Central Asia became an independent area of archaeological science in Siberia. Were systematized materials on weapons, forms of military organization and peculiarities of the military art of nomads in the periods of antiquity and the early development of the medieval [1]. However, the military affairs of the Central Asian nomads of the late medieval and poorly understood due to the fact that the monuments of this period have long remained outside the purview of archaeologists and oruzhievedov. It was promoted and established idea that during the late Middle Ages the art of war nomads are experiencing a certain decline that led to defeat in the war and the inclusion of the steppes of Central Asia, populated by nomads in the vast centralized empire, inhabited by agricultural peoples, and cultural and economic type of nomadic herders descended from the historical arena.

But to clarify the laws governing the development of military affairs in the nomadic world must study all phases of the evolution of armaments, military and organizational forms and martial arts, or the results of the study are not complete.

Interest to historians of the art of war and conquest of the Mongols in the national historiography clearly manifested from the beginning of the XVIII century. The writings of many scholars who have studied the ancient monuments of Siberia, Mongolia era of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan and Tamerlane were attributed to many ancient buildings, tombs, finds armaments, arts and monuments of literature [2]. In the XIX century. the phenomenon of military successes of the Mongols was analyzed in the writings of military historians, relying on information written sources. On the influence of the Mongols in the martial arts of other nations military historians writing in the late XIX - early XX centuries. [3] Several studies have been devoted to the commander that the activity of Genghis Khan [4]. The main source for the analysis of the writings of historians had information from the writings of medieval Western European and Oriental authors XIII-XIV centuries.

Armament Mongolia became the object of study after the deployment of archaeological work in Transbaikalia and Mongolia in the second half of XX century. [5] Some work has been devoted to the analysis of the Mongolian weapons from Eastern Europe [6].

Most studies on the military affairs of the Mongols considered weapons and martial art developed by the medieval era, the period of existence of the Mongol Empire. Armaments and military art of Mongolian nomads Late Middle Ages in contemporary literature highlighted enough.

Information about the structure of military organizations and events of Military History Khalkha Mongols and Jungars found in the literature Ya Zlatkin, VA Moiseev, EI Kychanova [7].

Subjects weapons Late Mongols understood and put into scientific circulation is very uneven. Attracted the greatest attention of scientists defensive armament. Selected findings and information about late medieval Mongolian armor, helmets and other protective types of weapons seen in the works of Behayma, P. Winkler and MV Gorelik, L. A. Bobrov, H. Robinson. X. Perlee, A. Damdinsuren, S. J. Bazarsurena [8].

Remote battlefield weapons: bows and arrows, bone whistle, applied by Mongolian warriors in the late Middle Ages, were considered in the articles KU Kehalmi, 3. Batsayhana, G. Menesa [9].

Some interest for the study of Mongolian bows and arrows represent the materials in arms distance from the battle bore XVII-XVIII centuries. Because the military affairs of the Buryat tribes to join Russia developed in close cooperation with the Mongolian. For information about bows, arrows, case for a bow, quiver and other weapons at the Buryat considered Karuttsem R., N. Tsultemom, VA Mikhailov, MA Zaitseva, VV Pork, AV Harinskim, Y. S. Khudyakov [10].

Individual finds the late-medieval melee weapons from the territory of Mongolia, were characterized by 3. Batsayhanom and YA Plotnikov [11].

In the works of Damdinsuren and SB J. Bazarsurena provides information on Firearms, applicable Mongolian warriors in the late Middle Ages [12].

All materials available on Mongolian arming the Late Middle Ages classified on formal grounds. Based on the typological classification of weapons renovated complex of means of combat the Mongol warriors. At the present time because of incomplete data is not possible to distinguish features of armament and Jungars Khalkha Mongols, although some differences exist between them.

Remote battlefield weapon of the Mongol warriors in the late Middle Ages consisted of bows and arrows. In the museum collections are stored entirely extant kibiti Mongolian bows. By design kibiti they belong to the group Compound. By the number of parts and bone lining among them there are two types.

Type 1. With shoulder horny plates. Includes 1 copy of the MAE, № 3697. Kibiti length - 1,68 m. Kibit bow has a narrow, oval in cross section, leather-covered mid-and long flattened shoulders, to which both sides are glued long shoulder pads, steeply curved composite ends with arched openings for the dressing loops of string. Kibit bow glued birch bark. At the ends, the transition to the shoulders with straps attached to the stand-bone fuses [13].

Type 2. Braided sinew. Includes 1 copy of Ulangomskogo museum. Kibiti length - 1m. Kibit bow has a broad, oval in cross section, middle, flattened shoulders and components, steeply curved ends with arched openings for the dressing loops of string. The handle on both sides criss-crossing tendons. Braid is available in two places at the top and one bottom arm kibiti (Fig. I, 3).

Despite the differences in design and size of the Mongol bows, relating to ethnographic time, probably back to the bows with the middle front plate, which became widespread in the world in the era of the nomadic Mongol Empire [14].

These bows have proven easy to use, highly efficient, high-velocity weapons remote battlefield, well adapted for firing in an intensive, maneuverable cavalry battle.

The Mongols are used until the ethnographic present.

[Dusan]

Mongol warriors for archery arrows used with iron-tipped, long wooden shaft and fins.

The cross section of the pen is allocated among the following groups:

GROUP I. Flat tips. Includes 5 types.

Type 1. Asymmetrically-rhombic. Includes 3 copies of Muren and Hanuur sumona. The length of the pen - 6 cm, the width of a pen - 2 cm, the petiole length - 4 cm tips with obtuse tip, sloping shoulders, focus (Figure I, 10) [15].

Type 2. Boegolovkovye. Includes 6 copies of Hovd. The length of the pen - 7 cm, the width of the pen - 1 cm, the petiole length - 4 cm tips with angled tip, a dedicated military Glowka, an elongated neck. Focusing (Fig. I, 14) [16].

Type 3. Pie. Includes 1 copy of Mongolia. The length of the pen - 5 cm, width of the pen - 2 cm, the petiole length - 4 cm tip with a rounded tip, gently sloping shoulders, focus (Figure I, 13).

Type 4. Oval-winged. Includes 2 copies of Muren and Mongolia. The length of the pen - 8 cm, width of the pen - 5 cm, the length of the petiole - 6 see tip with an oval tip, protruding wings, rounded shoulders, stop. At one point priostreno instance, in one of the hangers has a shoulder (Fig. I, 11, 12) [17].

GROUP II. Tetrahedral. Includes 1 type.

Type 1. Elongate-rhomboid. Includes two copies of Ulangomskogo museum. The length of the pen - 4,5 cm, width of the pen - 1, see Tips with angled tip, sloping shoulders, a focus (Fig. I, 1, 2) [18].

Set Mongolian Railway arrowheads belonging to the late Middle Ages, is not complete. However, the composition of late medieval arrowheads Mongolian archers quite revealing. The spectrum of group and typological diversity it largely corresponds to the most common forms of development of the medieval era terminals [19]. Changes in the composition of a set of armor and arrows nebroneboynyh occurred by reducing the number of rare, very few types of arrows.

The materials KU Kehalmi provides several types of flat iron arrowheads from bone whistle. Among them, oval-winged, pie, hexagonal, oval with a concave edge. Most rail terminals equipped with bone whistle round and oval proportions, with rounded, oval, trapezoidal openings. In addition to iron, it has accounted for seven types of bone tips, hollow inside with holes of different shapes [20]. However, these materials will not be possible to take into account in the classification, because it does not specify the location and storage location of finds, their number and size.

In addition to the tips of the museums exhibits shafts of arrows. In Ulangomskom museum displays arrows with wooden shafts, round in cross section, length - 65 cm End of the staff, under-tipped, twisted braid pasting a strip of bark, black. The length of the braided part of - 9-10 cm at the bottom of shafts mounted two-bladed tail, length - 22-23 cm lower end of the shafts of the feathers to the ear, 5 cm long, covered with snake skin (Fig. I, 1,2).

Bows and arrows were kept and worn in a leather case - case for a bow and quiver.

The Museum of Fine Arts exhibited Mongolia leather case for a bow of Khentei. Semioval case for a bow shape to contain the bow with a plastic string. Neck and the outer surface of the receiver case for a bow decorated with sculpted metal plates in the form of rosettes, swastikas. Angular plates with swirls, loops on the hinge. Case for a bow attached to a belt with the help of two hanging straps [21].

In the Mongolian Museum of Fine Arts is stored leather quiver. It is a leather case "artsy" shape with a concave mouth and the edge, semi-circular bottom. On the outer surface of the receiver on its perimeter reinforced metal plates with curly tendrils in the central part of the quiver of the crosshairs of the decorative belts, bonded in the center shestilepestkovoy socket, and at the ends of braces and linings with elongated strips and curls at the ends. Next to the plate lunate plaque. Above the crossing, along the neck are four circular patches. Below the crossing is a four-cross decorated with shaped ends and a lunate shield. Along one edge of the quiver has a strap which carries the strap to hang the quiver. Another strap is attached to the opposite edge with the Five-petalled rosettes. The third strap is attached with metal hinges to the bottom of the quiver (fig. I, 16). Quiver with straps suspended from the belt of a warrior in an inclined position. In the images of the Buryat archers quiver more often depicted on the right, and the case for a bow on the left side on the belt of horsemen and archers on foot [22]. Arrows in the quiver tips were placed inside, the outside feathers.

There is currently no definitive data on whether to apply the Mongol warriors throwing spears or darts. Such weapons were thrown from the Mongols in the era of the Middle Ages [23]. Throwing spears were used Buryatia in the late Middle Ages and the ethnographic present [24].

Melee Weapon Late Mongol warriors included swords and spears. Discoveries of such weapons in the monuments of Mongolia and Transbaikalia are very rare because they were highly valued. By the late Middle Ages can be attributed to formal features some items from museum collections.

Among the items cut-and-thrusting weapons are swords. The cross section of the blade, one group stands out.

GROUP I. Triquetrous, bipartite. There were 1 type.

Type 1. Slightly curved flake crosshair. Includes 1 copy of the neighborhoods of the cave-Tsagaan Agui in the Gobi Altai in Mongolia. Blade length 66 cm, width of the blade - 3,7-4 cm, height of handle - 13 cm Short, slightly curved, single-edged blade with two, wide and narrow dolami on both sides of the strip. Above lobed parts on both sides of the blade are hallmarks of the Running wild beast, perhaps a wolf. They are made in the technique of low bas-relief with the deepening of the background around the figure of the animal. Black arm flattened, beveled on both sides of the pommel. Under the knob in black has a round hole. The crossing plate, removable, round shape. On a narrow rectangular black clip for attaching plate handle. Helm of the plate, with a rectangular hole in the center, into which threaded end priostrenny cherena that rasklepan outside (Fig. I, 5). On the strip to save two plate-holder, are interconnected by two plate-like loops. Which were fastened to wooden sheath [25].

Judging from the shape of a blade, and the stigma of crossing tsagan aguyskaya saber-Chinese production. Close in shape but richly decorated ceremonial Chinese sword, brought at the end of the XVII century. N. Spafarija is stored in the Kremlin Armory Museum [26].

Probably like the sword could fall to the Mongolian soldiers during the war with the Manchu Qing Empire, subjecting China in the XVII century. About the use of swords by the Mongols, Dzhungars and Buryatia in the XVII century. report written sources [27].

At the armed Mongolian soldiers were daggers. The cross section of the blade, one group stands out.

GROUP I. Trihedral. There were 1 type.

Type 1. Elongate-triangular, without crossing. Includes 1 copy of the museum, the residence of Bogd Khan. Blade length - 19,5 cm, blade width - 1,5 cm, arm height - 13. Single-edged straight blade with angled tip, ornamented with clip and knob on the arm bone (Fig. I, 4) [28]. Buryat except edged daggers existed and Hellfire [29].

Mongol warriors were armed with spears, drums socketed iron points. On formal grounds among the findings of copies in museum collections are allocated tips related to the late Middle Ages. The cross section of the pen, one group stands out.

GROUP I. Rhombic. There were 1 type.

Type 1. Elongate-rhombic with circular swirls. Includes 1 copy of eastern Transbaikalia. The length of the pen -12 cm, the width of a pen - 4 cm, length of sleeve - 16 cm tip with angled tip, sloping shoulders, circular curls on both sides, a cone-shaped sleeve with a through round hole for mounting to a staff (Fig. I, .

Such a spear in the late Middle Ages used Yenisei Kyrgyz and Teleuts who were in the military and political dependence on Jungars.

Bows and arrows, spears and swords were the most common weapon in the Khalkha Mongols and Jungars. The sources stressed the sequence of Dzhungarian warriors arms distance and melee: a bout de people have kolmatskih luchnoy and kopeyny and saber "[30].

In addition to these major weapons Mongol warriors used in melee combat hatchets and axes, maces, arch [31].

Defensive armament of Mongolian soldiers in the late Middle Ages were quite diverse. Valuable information about the protective arms of the Mongols Late contain Russian written sources of the XVII century. and China's image. The sources emphasized that the Mongolian master gunsmiths to produce various types of weapons, including remedies. In Dzungar Khanate smiths produced a weapon in the vicinity of the lake. Texel. According to I. Sorokina, oirats made "swords, armor, armor, helmets ..." [32]. Under the laws of 1640 annually every 2 out of 40 yurts were supposed to do armor, have not fulfilled is the establishment of fines could pick up a horse or a camel [33].